Skip to main content
Download PDF

MnSOD and GPx1 polymorphism relationship with coronary heart disease risk and severity

Biological Research volume 49, Article number: 22 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Disturbance of the equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and anti-oxidants (AOX) has been implicated in various diseases, including atherosclerosis, the most common pathologic process underlying coronary heart disease (CHD). Thus, the defense systems against ROS are critical protecting blood vessel walls against oxidative damage. In this study, we investigate whether Ala16Val MnSOD and Pro198Leu GPx polymorphisms are associated with CHD susceptibility and/or severity.

Methods

Both polymorphisms were genotyped in a sample of 203 controls and 164 patients. CHD risk and severity, antioxidant status (enzymatic and/or non enzymatic) and biochemical parameters were assessed and analysed by genotype.

Results

A significant association of MnSOD variant to CHD risk was revealed in males. Males harboring the Val/Val genotype were approximately at twofold increased risk of CHD compared to controls (Ala carriers vs Val/Val, adjusted OR 1.89; 95 % CI 1.18‒3.42, p = 0.03). Significant decreases in SOD activity and total antioxidant status (TAS) were observed in Val carriers and by CHD status. Whereas, no association of GPx variant genotype (Leu/Leu) and activity to cardiopathy events was discerned. CHD severity, as demonstrated by the number of vessel stenosis, was associated with significantly higher frequency of Val allele and LDL levels in CHD subjects.

Conclusions

Our results showed a lack of association of Pro198Leu GPx polymorphism to CHD risk and severity. However, they suggest that Ala16Val MnSOD polymorphism and decreased antioxidant defences are likely contributed to CHD risk in Tunisian men. Furthermore, the Val encoding MnSOD allele and decreased SOD activity were significantly correlated with CHD stenosis progression.

Background

Coronary Artery Disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide [1]. It is independently associated with various risk factors such as advanced age, hypertension, smoking habit, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, positive family story, obesity and inactivity [2].

Atherosclerosis, the most common pathologic process underlying coronary heart disease, represents a state of heightened oxidative stress characterized by endothelial dysfunction and plaque disruption. Oxidative stress can occur when the balance is upset, either by an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), by deficient antioxidant defenses, or by the combination of both [3]. In such circumstances, ROS may interact with cellular bio-molecules, leading to modification and potentially serious consequences for the cell [4].

Several potentially significant genetic variants related to oxidative stress have been already identified [5, 6]. In this study, we are interested to polymorphisms of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in order to check their possible implication in CHD risk and severity.

SOD is the primary antioxidant in the mitochondria that converts ROS into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide [7–10]. There are three SOD isoforms, including the mitochondrial SOD manganese dependent (MnSOD). MnSOD is encoded by a single gene containing five exons and it is located on chromosome 6q25 [11]. One of the common polymorphisms of MnSOD results in the replacement of alanine 16 (GCT) with a valine (GTT); the Ala16Val polymorphism. This polymorphism affects the import of MnSOD into the mitochondria by altering the conformation of its leader signal [12]. This mutation may reflect a functional polymorphism of mitochondrial transport of human MnSOD. It has been shown that the 16Ala variant allows efficient targeting of MnSOD to the mitochondria, as evidenced by Sutton et al. [13] who found that it was 30–40 % more efficiently localized to the mitochondria than the 16Val variant. This is related to the fact that 16Ala variant has an α-helix structure that is easily imported and it reaches high levels of mitochondrial concentration and activity, whereas the 16Val variant has a partial ß-sheet structure that is partly stuck within the narrow inner membrane import pore and is subsequently degraded by the proteasome. Furthermore, the mRNA that encodes the 16Val variant is more rapidly degraded than the Ala variant [14].

The second line of enzymatic antioxidant defense is played by glutathione peroxidase (GPx) isoenzymes. GPx has 6 isoforms (GPx-1-6) [15]. GPx-1 is the most widely distributed and abundant form in human cells, including vascular endothelium [16]. GPx-1 is an intracellular soluble selenoprotein which converts peroxides such as H2O2 and ROOH into water and alcohol [17]. The gene coding for GPx-1, is located on chromosome 3p21.3 [18] and it is composed of 2 exons with a 1.42 kb region [19]. Several polymorphisms have been described in the GPx-1 gene. One of them is located at codon 198 (C > T) resulting in an amino acid variation from proline (CCC) to leucine (CTC). This amino acid substitution causes a change of the structural conformation of the active site region and modifies the enzyme activity [20]. Previous studies using aortic endothelial cells demonstrated a 40 % reduction in the GPx-1 activity being associated with the T allele and showed that the Pro198Leu variant was associated with increased carotid intima-to-media thickness, peripheral arterial disease, and increased CAD risk [21–24].

The aim of our study was to assess the association of MnSOD and GPx polymorphisms and activities with CHD risk and severity in the Tunisian population.

Methods

Study population

One hundred and sixty-four patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and two hundred and three controls were enrolled in this study from June to September 2011. The healthy subjects were recruited at their annual health examination at Hospital Ibn Eljazzar, Kairouan, Tunisia, and did not have any chest symptoms or electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities suggesting CHD, or a medical history for CHD.

Patients were admitted to the cardiovascular department of Hospital Ibn Eljazzar, Kairouan, Tunisia. The diagnosis of Acute CHD was based on the presence of at least 2 of the following three elements: (1) Ischemic type of chest pain (2) changes on serial electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings (3) Increase in serum cardiac marker [elevated creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and troponin T within 12 h after the onset of pain]. Patients with associated renal failure, liver disease, lung disease, pregnancy, thyroid disease, gastrointestinal disease were excluded. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the hospital Ibn Eljazzar. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before their participation in the study.

All participants were interviewed, and data on hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, medical history including family history, smoking status and duration of CHD were recorded. For coronary risk factors the following definitions were used: individuals were defined as hypertensive if their blood pressure was >140/90 mmHg or in case of self-reported use of an antihypertensive drug. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed if the fasting plasma glucose concentration was ≥7 mmol/l or if the patient was treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents; individuals were deemed dyslipidemic when their total cholesterol concentration was ≥5.68 mmol/l, or their triglyceride concentration was ≥2.28 mmol/l, or they receive lipid-lowering drugs. Smoking was coded as never and current smoker. Gender and body mass index (BMI) were also recorded.

Blood collection

From all subjects, Blood samples were collected in heparinized (5 ml) and EDTA (5 ml) tubes after 12 h fasting and immediately centrifuged at 1600×g. After separation, washed and lysed erythrocytes as well as plasma were stored at −70 °C until biochemical measurements were performed.

Biochemical analyses

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Assay

The proportioning of erythrocyte enzymatic activity superoxide dismutase (SOD) is based on velocity measurement of oxidation reaction inhibition of I.N.T. (2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenol)-5-phenyltetrazoliumn chloride) by SOD. The role of SOD is to accelerate the dismutation of toxic superoxide radical (O2−) produced during oxidative energy processes to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. This method uses xanthine and xanthine oxidase (XOD) to generate superoxide radicals which react with I.N.T. to form a red formazan dye. SOD activity is then measured by the degree of inhibition of this reaction. The results were expressed as U/g Hb.

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) assay

The erythrocyte hemolysate GPx1 activity was assessed by Paglia and Valentine method [25] using the Ransel kit (Randox, Antrim, UK) based on the oxidation reduction of glutathione and the measurement of the variations of reduced NADP. GPx catalysis the oxidation of glutathione (GSH) by cumene hydroperoxide. In the presence of glutathione reductase and NADPH oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is immediately converted to reduced form with a concomitant oxidation of NADPH to NADP+. The enzyme activity is measured at a wavelength of 340 nm. One unit of GPX activity is defined as the amount of the enzyme required for oxidizing 1 μmol of NADPH per minute. Results were expressed in units per gram of hemoglobin.

Total antioxidant status (TAS) assay

Total antioxidant status (TAS) is measured by the reduction in color produced by a radical cation (ABTS®+). The assay principle is as follow: the ABTS® (2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate]) is incubated with metmyoglobin which has peroxidase activity and H2O2 to produce the radical cation ABTS®+. This has a relatively stable blue-green color measured at 600 nm. Antioxidants in the added sample cause suppression of this color production to a degree which is proportional to their concentration.

Other analyses

Measurements of other biochemical parameters tested during this study included heparinized plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, were detected by an automate (Konelab 20, Thermo Clinical Labsystems Oy, Finland). LDL-Cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation.

Genetic analyses

Genomic DNA was isolated from 300 µl of peripheral blood leukocytes using Promega DNA isolation kit according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. An alanine/valine polymorphism in the signal peptide of Mn-SOD gene was evaluated by PCR–RFLP analysis according to the method described by Ibrahim et al. [26]. PCR amplifications were performed in a total volume of 20 μl containing 50 ng of genomic DNA, 1.25 U Taq polymerase, 2 mM dNTP, 2 mM MgCl2 and 1X PCR buffer in the presence of 0.4 μmol/l of each primer (forward 5′-CAG CCC AGC CTG CGT AGA CGG-3′ and reverse 5′-CTT GGC CAA CGC CTC CTG GTA CTT-3′) to amplify a 267-bp fragment. The PCR conditions involved an initial denaturation of DNA at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of amplification at 95 °C for 45 s (melting), 54 °C for 30 s (annealing) and 72 °C for 30 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The resulting 267-bp PCR product was digested with the restriction endonuclease BsaW1 at 37 °C for 2 h according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and digested products were visualized with electrophoresis in 2.5 % agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 µg/ml). Restriction enzyme digestion results in a 267-bp product (16Ala) or 183 and 84 bp products (16Val) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Restriction fragments of MnSOD gene amplified products. Lane1 DNA molecular weight marker (50 pb); lane 2 negative control; lanes 3 and 7 Val/Val mutated homozygous genotype; lanes 4 and 6 Ala/Ala wildtype genotype; lanes 5 and 8, Ala/Val heterozygous genotype

Full size image

The GPx1 198Pro/Leu variant was determined using 5′-TCC AGA CCA TTG ACA TCG AG-3′ (forward) and 5′-ACT GGG ATC AAC AGG ACC AG-3′ (reverse) primers. A 222 base pair DNA fragment containing the polymorphic site was amplified in a total volume of 20 μl, containing 2 μl 10xPCR buffer, 1.125 mmol/l MgCl2, 0.15 mmol/l dNTPs, 0.25 μmol/l each primer, 100 ng of genomic DNA and 1.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega Madison, USA). The PCR amplification was performed in 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 59 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 30 s, preceded by an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 8 min and followed by a final elongation step at 72 °C for 7 min. The amplicon was then digested with ApaI (Promega Madison, USA) restriction enzyme and resolved in 2 % agarose gel. The digested products showed 2 fragments of 170 and 52 bp for the 198Pro wildtype homozygous, 3 fragments of 222, 170 and 52 for the 198Pro/Leu (CT) heterozygote, and 1 fragment of 222 pb for the 198Leu (T) mutated homozygous genotype (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Restriction fragments of GPx1 gene amplified products. Lane 1 DNA molecular weight marker (50 pb); lane 2 negative control; lane 3 Pro/Pro wildtype genotype; lanes 4 and 6 Leu/Leu mutated homozygous genotype; lane 5 Pro/Leu mutated heterozygous genotype

Full size image

Statistical tests

Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL), R software version 3.0.2 and QUANTO program version 1.2. The Chi square test was used to test the distribution of genotypes for deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. genotype distribution of MnSOD and GPx1 gene in all subjects was analyzed by Chi square test. Distributions of continuous variables in groups were expressed as mean ± SD.

Comparison between two groups was performed using two-tailed t tests. Comparison between more than 2 groups was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Simple associations between variables were calculated as the Pearson correlation.

Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of MnSOD genotypes and activity, after adjusting for other potential confounders such as age, gender, BMI and smoking status. p < 0.05 was required for statistical significance.

Empirical power to detect the association provided by our sample was computed using an R script with 10,000 permutations. Theoretical power was also calculated using Quanto and parameter values (Odds ratio, allele frequencies and sample size) equals to those found in our study.

Results

Three hundred and sixty-seven subjects were investigated in this study in order to evaluate the association of the MnSOD Ala16Val and GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms with the coronary heart disease (CHD).

Characteristics of the enrolled subjects stratified according to MnSOD and GPx1 polymorphisms are illustrated in Table 1. Results observation showed a significant difference between MnSOD genotype classes associated with male gender and diabetes mellitus. Whereas, a significant difference between GPx1 genotype groups was noted only according to LDL level in the study population.

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study population by genotype
Full size table

Biochemical examination of our population was carried out by testing several parameters (Table 1). Results showed a significant difference between genotype groups for antioxidant status. Indeed, SOD2 but not GPx1 activity decreased significantly in the presence of the mutated allele (Val and Leu, respectively). The same is true for total antioxidant status (TAS). In fact, significant reduced levels of TAS were detected in variant carrier groups. For other parameters, no differences were noted by genotype.

In the whole population, genotype distribution of the Mn-SOD Ala16Val (CC/CT/TT: 92/172/103, χ2 = 1.40, p = 0.24) and GPx1 Pro198Leu (CC/CT/TT: 180/152/35, χ2 = 0.13, p = 0.72) variants satisfied the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05) with a C allele frequency of 48.50 % and 69.75 % respectively for MnSOD and GPx1 genes (Table 1).

Relationship between gene polymorphisms and CHD, as well as CHD risk estimation, were assessed by comparing Mn-SOD Ala16Val and GPx1 Pro198Leu genotype distribution among cases and controls (Tables 2, 3).

Table 2 Basic characteristics of the control and case groups by gender
Full size table
Table 3 GPx polymorphism and parameter stratification by CHD status
Full size table

Taking into account the significant difference detected between Mn-SOD genotype groups associated to some risk factors (Table 1), genotype distribution in control and case groups was studied by gender (Table 2). Several compounds proposed to act as antioxidants (AOX) in vivo [27] were considered in our study. We found a significant decrease in direct and total bilirubin in both male and female cases. Moreover, a significant difference at iron level was observed between controls and cases in the male group. However, in female group, an increase of uric acid was noted. No significant difference at albumin level was observed between cases and controls of male and female groups. SOD activity and TAS were measured in both control and CHD groups. In harmony with the first results obtained in the whole population after genotype stratification (Table 1), significant differences were detected in male and female groups between cases and controls. In line with these results, comparison of MnSOD genotype distribution by CHD status and gender, enables us to detect a significant difference between controls and cases of male group (controls vs cases: 31.93/45.38/22.69 vs 23.71/37.11/39.18 %, p = 0.03). The statistical analysis showed an association between the MnSOD polymorphism and the risk of CHD among men (Ala carriers vs Val/Val, OR 2.19, 95 % CI 1.21‒3.97, p = 0.009).

Since CHD is a multifactor pathology, the association of Val variant to the risk of CHD may be influenced by a number of risk factors. Accordingly, the significance of the mutation can be overestimated. As shown in Table 2, compared with controls, men with CHD had increased age, higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, and elevated LDL level. Adjustment for the last possible confounders by a multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the association persisted (Ala carriers vs Val/Val, adjusted OR 1.89; 95 % CI 1.18‒3.42, p = 0.03).

Association between GPx polymorphism and CHD risk was examined. Baseline characteristic stratification according to GPx genotype showed no differences in clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters except for LDL. An elevation of LDL level was noted among the TT genotype group. Moreover, significant decreases in TAS levels but not in GPx activities was discerned among T carriers (Table 1). Based on these findings, we explored the association between T allele, lipid and antioxidant parameters further after stratifying by CHD status (Table 3). On one hand, results observation revealed a significant increase of plasma LDL level among T carriers in the cases group compared to the control one, on the other, a significant decrease in total and direct bilirubin, iron and TAS level but not in GPx activity was noted in the same group (p < 0.05). However, we observed no difference in genotype distribution between CHD and control groups (Controls vs CHD 55.49/37.80/6.71 %; 43.84/44.34/11.82 %, p = 0.051). Statistical analysis showed a lack of association of GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphism with CHD risk (Pro carriers vs Leu/Leu, OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.25‒1.13, p = 0.10).

The assessment of the power provided by our sample size to detect allele association was performed for each variant. Given a sample size of 164 control subjects and 203 patients with CHD, our study had an empirical power of 30 and 43 % respectively for MnSOD Ala16Val and GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms. Whereas, the current study had a theoretical power of 97 % to detect an OR of 1.80 associated with each variant, assuming an additive effect of alleles and with a 5 % type 1 error rate. In this sample, a size effect of approximately 1.52 is detectable with 80 % power.

In the light of our first findings of high LDL levels among case group, the relationship between MnSOD/GPx1 activities, genotype and lipid parameters was studied in a group of 106 subjects who underwent coronary angiography (Table 4).

Table 4 Lipid parameters, enzymatic antioxydant activity/polymorphism and CHD severity
Full size table

CHD group was classified into four subgroups according to the number of affected coronary arteries (Table 4). Plasma levels of lipid parameters tended to be increased with more severe coronary atherosclerosis. Lower SOD activity was significantly associated with the severity of CHD (p < 0.05). We noted graded reduced SOD activities in patients presenting 1–3 vessel stenosis. However, no differences in GPx activities were observed between stenosis subgroups (p = 0.53).

Pearson correlation study between MnSOD activity and lipid parameters showed a positive correlation with high density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.143, p = 0.028), and a negative correlation with low density lipoprotein (LDL) (r = −0.210, p = 0.034). Nonetheless, no correlation between the two parameters and GPx activity was observed.

Exploration of the relationship between enzyme activities and genotypes through CHD pathogenesis showed, in contrast to GPx activity, an association of decreased SOD activity to the frequent presence of variant genotype (Val/Val) as increased stenosed vessel number.

Multivariate regression analysis stratified by gender and adjusted according to age, body mass index hyperlipidimia and smoking habits as covariates, confirmed the dichotomous age (p = 0.012), hyperlipidemia (p = 0.027) effect of the Mn-SOD Ala16Val polymorphism on CHD severity.

Discussion

A growing body of evidence supports the concept that oxidative stress plays critical roles in the initiation and progression of numerous diseases including atherosclerosis [28]. Since the vulnerability to oxidative stress is partly determined by genetic background, there have been several studies examining the association between functional gene polymorphisms of the key enzymes of redox regulation and the risk of CAD.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between Mn-SOD/GPx1 polymorphisms, and CHD risk and severity in a Tunisian population. MnSOD and GPx1 genotype distributions in control and patient groups were examined. The comparison of genotypic frequencies in our control group (TT genotype: 26.11 and 9.54 %, respectively) with those reported in other studies showed that our results agree with those of the Caucasian population (26.11 and 9.54 %, respectively) [29–31] but differ from those reported in Asian (66–79.4 and 7–13 %, respectively), Afro-Caribbean (42.9 and 18 %, respectively) and oriental (77.8 and 0.0 %, respectively) population [21, 31–39]. This clear difference, mostly related to T allele, is evident, suggesting that this allele may have a differential role in the disease process in these ethnically distinct populations. In fact, in the studied control group, T allele frequencies of MnSOD and GPx1 genes were equal to those mentioned in previous studies of Caucasian population (49 % [48–51 %] and 34 % [31–36 %], respectively), but unlike those of Asian population (13 % [5–21 %] and 23 % [18–29 %], respectively) [20, 31, 40–42].

Given their role in antioxidant defense, SOD2 and GPx1 genes are considered as attractive low penetrance candidate genes for CHD. In this study, we examined the impact of SOD2 Ala16Val and GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms in CHD risk and severity. Our results indicated that the Val/Val genotype of MnSOD envisages in Tunisian men higher risk to CHD as compared to controls (Table 2). In fact, Val/Val genotype was significantly more common among case (39.18 %) than control (22.69 %) men. Accordingly, we note that SOD2 polymorphism has a significant influence on CHD risk in Tunisian men (Ala carriers vs Val/Val, adjusted OR 1.89, 95 % CI 1.18‒3.42, p = 0.03). Furthermore, the observed difference between CHD and control men is unlikely to be the result of biased population sampling. There was no significant difference in our frequency estimation of the Val allele (45.38 %) from the Tunisian men of control group than those of the Caucasian population (44–48 %) reported in other studies [29, 30].

Our findings concur with those reported by two recent meta-analyzes in which Crawford et al. [28] concluded that the Val/Val or Val allele has been positively associated with cardiovascular disease risk and with comorbidities in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and Tian et al. [43] showed a significant association of the C allele with reduced risk of CAD. Furthermore, in agreement with our data, Valenti et al. [44] reported an increased risk of cardiomyopathy in hemochromatosis patients with Val allele compared with Ala allele. Evenly, Fujimoto et al. [45] found that individuals harboring the valine variant were at increased risk for CAD and acute myocardial infraction. Moreover, in a large study of 776 Caucasian subjects with diabetes, Jones et al. [34] showed an increased risk of CHD associated to Val/Val genotype. Besides, in 24 of 100 patients recruited with severe heart failure, Charniot et al. [46] revealed a significant correlation of the Val-encoding MnSOD allele with the severity and prognosis of cadiogenic shock.

In contrast to SOD2 polymorphism, previous studies on the association between CHD and GPx1 polymorphism have been highly inconsistent. Polymorphic variation in GPx1 gene at position 198 is associated in some, but not in all studies. Our observations suggest that Pro198Leu GPx1 polymorphism was not associated to CHD risk. In line with our findings, previous Caucasian population studies revealed no significant association between allele frequency and risk to suffer from CAD. Indeed, in a French population, Charniot et al. [46] declared that GPx—variants influenced neither GPx activity nor cardiac events. Moreover, in a recent study of Iranian population, Najafi et al. [47] showed that GPx1 activity and rs1050450 (Pro198Leu) site are not involved in the development of coronary artery stenosis. However, in disagreement with our data, other studies performed on Asian population demonstrated an association of GPx1 variant genotypes to CHD risk and carotid artery intra-media thickness (IMT). In a Japanse population, Haminichi et al. [21] and Oguri et al. [39] suggested that functional variants in GPx1 gene are associated with increased carotid IMT of cardiovascular and peripheral vascular diseases in type 2 diabetic patients. Furthermore, data of a study carried out by Tang et al. [48], provide evidence that GPx1 Pro198Leu variant genotypes are significantly associated with CAD risk in a Chinese population. In fact, compared to the 198Pro/Pro carriers, subjects with the variant genotypes (198Pro/Leu and 198Leu/Leu) had a significantly higher risk of CAD (adjusted OR 2.02, 95 % CI 1.27–3.22). In the same way, a recent meta-analysis confirms the association of GPx1 variants with CAD in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus of Chinese and Indian populations [49].

The opposing findings of these reports may be attributable to inaccurate genotype frequency estimates resulting from small sample sizes, selection of control group, case characterization linkage disequilibrium between SOD2 and/or GPx1 alleles with different functionally relevant polymorphisms in specific ethnic groups and gene-environment interactions. Further variations in genetic background, dietary habits and/or environmental factors between different populations might account for these findings.

In this study, in addition to polymorphism association to CHD risk, we investigated the SOD and GPx activities in CHD subjects. Consistent with our results some studies suggested an association between SOD activity [34] but not GPx activity [31, 46, 47] with cardiopathy events. In contrast, others proposed the opposite [50–52]. We have observed a significant decrease in the SOD activity in patients with CHD, as compared to controls. We confirmed known fact that erythrocyte SOD activity is significantly reduced in patients with CHD [51, 53–55]. Lower enzyme activity could be a consequence of the increased oxidative stress induced by the coronary events. It may be the leading cause of post-translational covalent modifications in SOD e.g. nitration, phosphorylation, glutathionylation and glycation, which results in decreased enzyme activity [56].

Our results also showed no differences in GPx activity between genotype classes and according to CHD status. Indeed, normal GPx activity was measured in Leu carriers. These findings can be explained by the GPx upreglation under oxidative stress conditions and/or the presence of a compensatory mechanism in other cells of the body with faster turnover. In addition, through an analysis of the predicted tertiary structures, Jones et al. [34] provided another possible explanation. They showed that the polymorphic variants have no essential role on protein stability and function. They suggested that this may be due to their surface location.

Antioxidant status of the study population was further explored by measurement of some non-enzymatic antioxidants (AOX) and total antioxidant status (TAS). Significant decreases in both total and direct bilirubin as well as in iron against no differences in albumin and uric acid levels, were noted in cases compared to controls. Taken together, these non-enzymatic antioxidant (AOX) constitute an important aspect of a network essential for assessing in vivo AOX status [57]. In our population, their reduced values reflect a state of an imbalance between AOX and pro-oxidants and/or free radicals. The assessment of the TAS of a biological fluid is a composite measurement of the combined effects of individual scavenging AOX within the sample and providing insight into the overall prooxidant-antioxidant balance [58]. In our population, a global evaluation of the TAS showed a significantly reduced levels in CHD subjects compared to controls. Our result is in agreement with that of Nojiri et al. [59] but not with those of Alamdari et al. [60] and Rahsepar et al. [61] who found that the level of prooxidant/antioxidant balance (PAB) in patients with stable CAD was significantly higher compared to that measured in healthy control subjects.

Low TAS levels could reflect either high oxidative stress or decrease of defense against it. In CHD patients, even in stable cases, a high oxidative stress status has been reported [62–65]. For instance, circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein levels are positively associated with severity of acute coronary syndromes [66, 67] and with subclinical CHD [68]. In line with these findings, in our population, the CHD severity, as demonstrated by the number of vessel stenosis, was associated with high LDL levels. The observed positive correlation between atherosclerosis progression and high levels of LDL-cholesterol in CHD patients was associated with the SOD2-Val/Val genotype. This has not been confirmed by another study focused on the role of antioxidant enzymes in determining genetic susceptibility to the coronary artery disease in patients with T2DM [69]. Nevertheless, Kakko et al. [70] reported that carotid artery intima-media thickness, was greater in women with the Val allele and high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0.03). Similarly, in patients with oxidised LDL <0.5 nmol/mg, Gottilieb et al. [71] revealed an association of Ala/Val and Val/Val genotypes with increased levels of oxidised LDL compared with Ala/Ala genotype in the same group. Furthermore, in a cohort of patient with cardiogenic shock due to dilated cardiomyopathy without acute coronary syndrome, the Val-encoding MnSOD allele was significantly correlated with the severity and prognosis of cardiogenic shock [46].

Predisposing association of the Val allele and high LDL-cholesterol levels in subjects with two or three stenosis vessels, showed that high LDL levels are more harmful in subjects with a diminished antioxidant capacity of MnSOD. Consistent with our data, a number of studies reported an association between antioxidant enzyme activities and progression of stenosis [45, 46, 59, 70, 72]. This could be explained on the one hand, by the decline resistance against ROS produced in the mitochondria due to the Val isoform of the SOD2, and on the other hand, it might be due to SOD activity inhibition by lipid peroxidation products [73, 74]. In this context, Botto et al. [75] have reported elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage in patients with angiographically documented CAD. In addition, it has been reported that isoprostanes, markers of lipid peroxidation, and reduced antioxidant capacity are related to increased risk for cardiovascular disease [62, 76].

Since atherosclerosis is a complex process affected by a network of numerous genes and environmental factors [77–80] and given that the effect of the C47T polymorphism in MnSOD may vary by exogenous sources of antioxidants and oxidants, multivariate regression was studied in order to identify eventual confounders such as age, gender, BMI and smoking status.

Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that Ala16 Val polymorphism and low Mn-SOD activity may be independently associated with CHD severity, a state of progressive atherosclerosis, documented by the number of vessel stenosis. Our findings point out the main role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis.

The strong points of the present report are this is the first study to show the effect of the Ala16Val and Pro198Leu polymorphisms on CHD risk in a Tunisian population, the uniform mechanism of CHD diagnosis for all cases and the homogeneity of our population (all subjects are originated from central Tunisia). Nevertheless, the main limitation of this study is the relatively small sample size. Although there is a significant relationship between Ala16Val polymorphism and CHD; low statistical power of the current study is our another limitation. However, the finding of an association of the Ala16Val MnSOD polymorphism with CHD despite the low power means that this association is real. Indeed, with insufficient power, we may miss the true association but not to find the one that does not exist.

Conclusion

Although small statistical power of the current study, we have demonstrated that in contrast to 198Leu variant, the 16Val variant was associated with CHD risk in men and the severity of cardiovascular events in the Tunisian population. Moreover, the SOD activity was inversely related to CHD progression as documented by the number of vessel stenosis. Further works using larger population and studying more candidate genes taking into account the gene-environment interaction remains necessary in order to better elucidate the genetic pathogenesis of CHD.

Abbreviations

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

AOX:

anti-oxidants

CHD:

coronary heart disease

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

GPx:

glutathione peroxidase

TAS:

total antioxidant status

HDL:

high density lipoprotein

LDL:

low density lipoprotein

CAD:

coronary artery disease

References

  1. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006;367:1747–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kasap S, Gonenc A, Sener DE, Hisar I. Serum cardiac markers in patients with acute myocardial infarction: oxidative stress, C-reactive protein and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007;41:50–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Collins AR. Investigating oxidative DNA damage and its repair using the comet assay. Mutat Res. 2009;681:24–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cooke MS, Evans MD, Dizdaroglu M, Lunec J. Oxidative DNA damage: mechanisms, mutation, and disease. FASEB J. 2003;1:1195–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Forsberg L, Faire U, Morgenstern R. Oxidative stress, human genetic variation, and disease. Arch Biochem Biophy. 2001;389:84–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Morgenstern R. Oxidative stress and human genetic variation. J Nutr. 2004;134:3173–4.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Michiels C, Raes M, Toussaint O, Remacle J. Importance of Se-glutathione peroxidase, catalase and Cu/Zn-SOD for cell survival against oxidative stress. Free Radical Biol Med. 1994;17:235–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Matés JM, Pérez-Gómez C, Núñez CI. Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem. 1999;32:595–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39:44–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Xu Y, Liu B, Zweier JL, He G. Formation of hydrogen peroxide and reduction of peroxynitrite via dismutation of superoxide at reperfusion enhances myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption in postischemic mouse heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;327:402–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Church SL, Grant JW, Meese EU, Trent JM. Sublocalization of the gene encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD/SOD2) to 6q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrid mapping. Genomics. 1992;14:823–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zelko IN, Mariani TJ, Folz RJ. Superoxide dismutase multigene family: a comparison of the CuZn–SOD (SOD1), Mn–SOD (SOD2), and EC–SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression. Free Radical Biol Med. 2002;33:337–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sutton A, Khoury H, Prip Buus C, Cepanec C, Pessayre D, Degoul F. The Ala16Val genetic dimorphism modulates the import of human manganese superoxide dismutase into rat liver mitochondria. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13:145–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sutton A, Imbert A, Igoudjil A, Descatoire V, Cazanave S, Pessayre D, Degoul F. The manganese superoxide dismutase Ala16Val dimorphism modulates both mitochondrial import and mRNA stability. Pharmacogenet Genom. 2005;15:311–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Beckett GJ, Arthur JR. Selenium and endocrine systems. J Endocrinol. 2005;184:455–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Forgione MA, Weiss N, Heydrick S, Cap A, Klings ES, Bierl C, et al. Cellular glutathione peroxidase deficiency and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002;282:1255–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Arthur JR. The glutathione peroxidase. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000;57:1825–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ishida K, Morino T, Takagi K, Sukenaga Y. Nucleotide sequence of a human gene for glutathione peroxidase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987;15:10051.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Moscow JA, Schmidt L, Ingram DT, Gnarra J, Johnson B, Cowan KH. Loss of heterozygosity of the human cytosolic glutathione peroxidase I gene in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 1994;15:2769–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ratnasinghe D, Tangrea JA, Andersen MR, Barrett MJ, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, et al. Glutathione peroxidase codon198 polymorphism variant increases lung cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2000;60:6381–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hamanishi T, Furuta H, Kato H, Doi A, Tamai M, Shimomura H, et al. Functional variants in the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) gene are associated with increased intima-media thickness of carotid arteries and risk of macrovascular diseases in japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2004;53:2455–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tang NP, Wang LS, Yang L, Gu HJ, Sun QM, Cong RH, et al. Genetic variant in glutathione peroxidase 1 gene is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease in a Chinese population. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;395:89–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kuzuya M, Ando F, Iguchi A, Shimokata H. Glutathione peroxidase 1 Pro198Leu variant contributes to the metabolic syndrome in men in a large Japanese cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1939–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Heslop CL, Tebbutt SJ, Podder M, Ruan J, Hill JS. Combined polymorphisms in oxidative stress genes predict coronary artery disease and oxidative stress in coronary angiography patients. Ann Hum Genet. 2012;76:435–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med. 1967;70:158–69.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ibrahim A, Abd El-Azim S, Abd El-Azim M. Association of MnSOD Ala16Val genotype and activity with hepatocellular carcinoma risk in HCV-infected Egyptian patients. Arab. J Gastroenterol. 2010;11:19–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Aejmelaeus RT, Holm P, Kaukinen U, Metsä-Ketelä TJ, Laippala P, Hervonen AL, et al. Age-related changes in the peroxyl radical scavenging capacity of human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;23:69–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Crawford A, Fassett RG, Geraghty DP, Kunde DA, Ahuja KD, Robertson IK, et al. Relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes and disease. Clin Nephrol. 2012;78:135–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Akyol O, Yanik M, Elyas H, Namil M, Canatan H, Akin H, et al. Association between Ala-9Val polymorphism of Mn-SOD gene and schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005;29:123–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ventriglia M, Scassellati C, Bonvicini C, Squitti R, Bevacqua MG, Foresti G, et al. No association between Ala9Val functional polymorphism of MnSOD gene and schizophrenia in a representative Italian sample. Neurosci Lett. 2006;410:208–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tang TS, Prior SL, Li KW, Ireland HA, Bain SC, Hurel SJ, et al. Association between the rs1050450 glutathione peroxidase-1 (C > T) gene variant and peripheral neuropathy in two independent samples of subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22:417–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hori H, Ohmori O, Shinkai T, Kojima H, Okano C, Suzuki T, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism and schizophrenia: relation to tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;23:170–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhang Z, Zhang X, Hou G, Sha W, Sha W, Reynolds GP, et al. The increased activity of plasma manganese superoxide dismutase in tardive dyskinesia is unrelated to the Ala-9Val polymorphism. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;3:317–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Jones DA, Prior SL, Tang TS, Bain SC, Hurel SJ, Humphries SE, et al. Association between the rs4880 superoxide dismutase 2 gene variant and coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90:196–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lee CM, Chien CT, Chang PY, Hsieh MY, Jui HY, Liau CS, et al. High-density lipoprotein antagonizes oxidized low-density lipoprotein by suppressing oxygen free-radical formation and preserving nitric oxide bioactivity. Atherosclerosis. 2005;183:251–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang JX, Wang ZM, Zhang JJ, Zhu LL, Gao XF, Chen SL. Association of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) rs1050450 Pro198Leu and Pro197Leu polymorphisms with cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Geriatr Cardio. 2014;11:141–50.

    Google Scholar 

  37. de Oliveira Hiragi C, Miranda-Vilela AL, Rocha DM, de Oliveira SF, Hatagima A, de Nazaré Klautau-Guimarães M. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 gene polymorphisms in three Brazilian population groups. Genet Mol Biol. 2011;34(1):11–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Chen H, Yu M, Li M, Zhao R, Zhu Q, Zhou W, et al. Polymorphic variations in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1), and catalase (CAT) contribute to elevated plasma triglyceride levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes or diabetic cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Biochem. 2012;363:85–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Oguri M, Kato K, Hibino T, Yokoi K, Segawa T, Matsuo H, et al. Genetic risk for restenosis after coronary stenting. Aterosclerosis. 2007;194:172–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Sorensen M, Hansen RD, Frederiksen K, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, et al. GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, interactions with smoking and alcohol consumption, and risk for lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2007;247:293–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Paz-y-Minõ C, Munõz MJ, López-Cortés A, Cabrera A, Palacios A, Castro B, et al. Frequency of polymorphisms Pro198Leu in GPX-1 gene and Ile58Thr in MnSOD gene in the altitude Ecuadorian population with bladder cancer. Oncol Res. 2010;18:395–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ichimura Y, Habuchi T, Tsuchiya N, Wang L, Oyama C, Sato K, et al. Increased risk of bladder cancer associated with a glutathione peroxidase 1 codon 198 variant. J Urol. 2004;172:728–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tian C, Liu T, Fang S, Du X, Jia C. Association of C47T polymorphism in SOD2 gene with coronary artery disease: a case–control study and a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39:5269–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Valenti L, Conte D, Piperni A, Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL, Fraguelli M, et al. The mitochondrial superoxide dismutase A16V polymorphism in the cardiomyopathy associated with hereditary haemochromatosis. J Med Genet. 2004;41:946–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Fujimoto H, Taguchi JI, Imai Y, Ayabe S, Hashimoto H, Kobayashi H, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism affects the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis of macrophages and coronary artery disease. Eur Heart. 2008;29:1267–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Charniot JC, Sutton A, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Cosson C, Khani-Bittar R, Giral P, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase dismorphism relationship with severity and prognosis in cardiogenic shock due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Free Radic Res. 2011;45:379–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Najafi M, Ghosemi H, Roustazadeh A, Farajollahi M. Lack of associatin between glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) activity, Pro198Leu polymorphism and stenosis of coronary arteries: a population based prediction. Meta Gene. 2014;2:722–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Tang NP, Wang LS, Yang L, Gu HJ, Sun QM, Cong RH, et al. Genetic variant in glutathione peroxidase 1 gene is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease in a chinese population. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;395:89–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ye H, Li X, Wang L, Liao Q, Xu L, Huang Y, et al. Genetic associations with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of 12 candidate genetic variants. Gene. 2013;531:71–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Loeper J, Goy J, Rozensztajn L, Bedu O, Moisson P, et al. Lipid peroxidation and protective enzymes during myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta. 1991;196:119–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Blankenberg S, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Torzewski M, Hafner G, Tiret L, et al. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1603–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Creager MA, Losordo DW, Lam GK, Wassef M, Dzaw VJ, et al. Atherosclerosis 2005: recent discoveries and novel hypotheses. Circulation. 2005;22:3348–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Akkuş İ, Sağlam NI, Çağlayan O, Vural H, Kalak S, Saglam M, et al. Investigation of erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) documented by angiography. Clin Chim Acta. 1996;244:173–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yegin A, Yegin H, Alicigüzel Y, Deger N, Semiz E. Erythrocyte selenium glutathione peroxidase activity is lower in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Jpn Heart J. 1997;38:793–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Flores-Mateo G, Carrillo-Santisteve P, Elosua R, Guallar E, Marrugat J, Bleys, et al. Antioxidant enzyme activity and coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of observational studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:135–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Yamakura F, Kawasaki H. Post-translational modifications of superoxide dismutase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1804(2):318–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Prior RL, Cao G. In vivo total antioxidant capacity: comparison of different analytical methods. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;27:1173–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Strain JJ, Benzie IFF. Diet and antioxidant defence. In: Sadler M, Strain JJ, Cabellero B, editors. The encyclopedia of human nutrition. 1st ed. London: Academic Press; 1999. p. 95–105.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Nojiri S, Daida H, Mokuno H, et al. Association of serum antioxidant capacity with coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Jpn Heart J. 2001;42:677–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Alamdari DH, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Tavallaie S, Parizadeh MR, Moohebati M, Ghafoori, et al. Prooxidant–antioxidant balance as a new risk factor in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem. 2008;41:375–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rahsepar AA, Pourghadamyari H, Moohebati M, Moohebati M, Tavallaie S, Eshraghi A, et al. Prooxidant–anti-oxidant balance is not associated with extent of coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem. 2011;44:1304–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Vassalle C, Petrozzi L, Botto N, et al. Oxidative stress and its association with coronary artery disease and different atherogenic risk factors. J Intern Med. 2004;256:308–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Walter MF, Jacob RF, Jeffers B, Ghadanfar MM, Preston GM, Buch J, et al. Serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances predict cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a longitudinal analysis of the PREVENT study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1996–2002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Memon L, Stefanovic A, Spasic S, Spasoievic-Kalimanovska V, Bogavac-Stanojevic N, et al. Correlation of oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease patients. Clin Biochem. 2007;40:181–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Holvoet P, Vanhaecke J, Janssens S, Van de Werf F, Collen D. Oxidized LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in patients with acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1998;98:1487–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Reddy KS. Cardiovascular disease in non-Western countries. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2438–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ehara S, Ueda M, Naruko T, Hake K, Itoh A, Ostsuka M, et al. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001;103:1955–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Liu ML, Ylitalo K, Salonen R, Salonen JT, Taskinen MR, et al. Circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein and its association with carotid intimamedia thickness in asymptomatic members of familial combined hyperlipidemia families. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:1492–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Nemoto M, Nishimura R, Sasaki T, Hiki Y, Miyashita Y, Nishioka M, et al. Genetic association of glutathione peroxidase-1 with coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes: a case control study with multi-slice computed tomography. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007;7:23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Kakko S, Paivansalo M, Koistinen P, Kesäniemi YA, Kinnula VL, et al. The signal sequence polymorphism of the MnSOD gene is associated with the degree of carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168:147–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gottlieb MG, Schwanke CH, Santos AF, Jobim PF, Müssel DP, da Cruz IB. Association among oxidized LDL levels, MnSOD, apolipoprotein E polymorphisms, and cardiovascular risk factors in a south Brazilian region population. Genet Mol Res. 2005;4:691–703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Dubois-Rande JL, Artigou JY, Darmon JY, Habbal R, Manuel C, Tayarani I, et al. Oxidative stress in patients with unstable angina. Eur Heart J. 1994;15:179–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gutteridge JM. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage. Clin Chem. 1995;41:1819–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kaur K, Bedi G, Kaur M, Vij A, Kaur I. Lipid peroxidation and the levels of antioxidant enzymes in coronary artery disease. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2008;23:33–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Botto N, Masetti S, Petrozzi L, Vassalle C, Manfredi S, Biagini A, et al. Elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage in patients with coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis. 2002;13:269–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Schwedhelm E, Bartling A, Lenzen H, Tsikas D, Maas R, Brümmer J, et al. Urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha as a risk marker in patients with coronary heart disease: a matched case-control study. Circulation. 2004;109:843–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Boullier A, Bird DA, Chang MK, Dennis EA, Friedman P, Gillotre-Taylor K, et al. Scavenger receptors, oxidized LDL, and atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001;947:214–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Shi W, Haberland ME, Jien ML, Shih DM, Lusis AJ. Endothelial responses to oxidized lipoproteins determine genetic susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice. Circulation. 2000;102:75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ross R. Atherosclerosis- an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000;407:233–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Disclosure

The authors report no disclosures or financial support.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospital of Ibn Eljazzar of Kairouan, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 3140, Kairouan, Tunisia

      Yosra Souiden, Hela Mallouli, Yassine Chaabouni & Kacem Mahdouani

    2. Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of the pollutants of the environment and products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Ibn Sina, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia

      Yosra Souiden, Hela Mallouli & Kacem Mahdouani

    3. Department of Cardiovascular, Hospital of Ibn Eljazzar of Kairouan, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar, 3140, Kairouan, Tunisia

      Salah Meskhi

    4. Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, P. O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia

      Ahmed Rebai

    5. Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, 4119, Medenine, Tunisia

      Foued Chéour

    Authors
    1. Yosra Souiden
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Hela Mallouli
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Salah Meskhi
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Yassine Chaabouni
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Ahmed Rebai
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Foued Chéour
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    7. Kacem Mahdouani
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Yosra Souiden.

    Additional information

    Foued Chéour and Kacem Mahdouani contributed equally to this work

    Rights and permissions

    Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

    Reprints and Permissions

    About this article

    Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Souiden, Y., Mallouli, H., Meskhi, S. et al. MnSOD and GPx1 polymorphism relationship with coronary heart disease risk and severity. Biol Res 49, 22 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-016-0083-6

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-016-0083-6

    Keywords

    • Genetic polymorphism
    • Coronary heart disease
    • SOD activity
    • GPx activity
    • Total antioxidant status
    • Atherosclerosis

    Biological Research

    ISSN: 0717-6287

    Contact us