Coenzyme Q10 defects may be associated with a deficiency of Q10-independent mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes
Received: 24 September 2015
Accepted: 30 December 2015
Published: 8 January 2016
Abstract
Background
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 or ubiquinone) deficiency can be due either to mutations in genes involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway, or to mutations in genes unrelated to CoQ10 biosynthesis. CoQ10 defect is the only oxidative phosphorylation disorder that can be clinically improved after oral CoQ10 supplementation. Thus, early diagnosis, first evoked by mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) spectrophotometric analysis, then confirmed by direct measurement of CoQ10 levels, is of critical importance to prevent irreversible damage in organs such as the kidney and the central nervous system. It is widely reported that CoQ10 deficient patients present decreased quinone-dependent activities (segments I + III or G3P + III and II + III) while MRC activities of complexes I, II, III, IV and V are normal. We previously suggested that CoQ10 defect may be associated with a deficiency of CoQ10-independent MRC complexes. The aim of this study was to verify this hypothesis in order to improve the diagnosis of this disease.
Results
To determine whether CoQ10 defect could be associated with MRC deficiency, we quantified CoQ10 by LC-MSMS in a cohort of 18 patients presenting CoQ10-dependent deficiency associated with MRC defect. We found decreased levels of CoQ10 in eight patients out of 18 (45 %), thus confirming CoQ10 disease.
Conclusions
Our study shows that CoQ10 defect can be associated with MRC deficiency. This could be of major importance in clinical practice for the diagnosis of a disease that can be improved by CoQ10 supplementation.
Keywords
Background
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 or ubiquinone) is a lipid-soluble component of the mitochondrial inner membrane that plays a central role in mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) function, as electrons carrier from complexes I and II to complex III, thus participating in ATP production [1].
CoQ10 deficiency encompasses several clinical phenotypes such as encephalomyopathy, severe infantile multisystemic disease, cerebellar ataxia, isolated myopathy or nephrotic syndrome [2]. CoQ10 deficiency can be primary, due to mutations in genes involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis or secondary, due to mutations in genes unrelated to CoQ10 biosynthesis [3]. Secondary CoQ10 deficiency has been described in patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations or deletions, with mtDNA depletion syndrome (MDS) [4–6] and in patients with mutations in APTX [7], ETFDH [8, 9], BRAF [10], ACADVL or NPC genes [11]. CoQ10 defect is the only oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorder that can be clinically improved after oral CoQ10 supplementation with limitation of neurological and renal manifestations, amelioration of muscular symptoms and attenuation of histological alterations. Early treatment is crucial to prevent irreversible damage in organs such as the kidney and the central nervous system [12–14]. Reduced activities of CoQ10-dependent enzymes by spectrophotometric analysis (segments I + III or G3P + III and II + III) are evocative of CoQ10 deficiency but direct measurement of CoQ10 levels is the most reliable test for diagnosis [15]. It is widely reported in the literature that, in patients with CoQ10 deficiency, enzymatic activities of MRC complexes I, II, III, IV, V are normal [16]. In a previous report, we described an 11-year-old boy presenting with a propionic acidemia who succumbed to acute heart failure in the absence of decompensation of his metabolic condition. Spectrophotometric analysis in liver identified CoQ10-dependent activities deficiency that was associated with MRC enzymatic defect. Secondary CoQ10 deficiency was likely involved in the development of heart complications in this child and we hypothesized that a CoQ10-defect may be associated with MRC deficiency [17]. The aim of this study was to verify this hypothesis in order to improve the diagnosis of this disease.
Over a 6-year period, we analyzed by spectrophotometry 700 tissue samples from 495 patients in whom a mitochondrial disease was suspected. Isolated CoQ10-dependent activity deficiency led to identification of CoQ10 disease in eight cases. Eighteen patients presented CoQ10-dependent enzymatic deficiency associated with MRC defect by spectrophotometry in muscle or in fibroblasts. In order to validate our original observation and to establish if CoQ10 quantitative defect may be associated with multiple MRC enzymatic deficiency, we measured CoQ10 in this group of 18 patients. We found decreased CoQ10 levels by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MSMS) in eight patients out of 18 (45 %), thus confirming CoQ10 disease and its association with MRC enzymatic deficiency. Furthermore, CoQ10 disease cannot be ruled out in all other patients insofar as the quantitative assay could not always be performed in the affected tissue.
Results
Description of patients involved in the study
Clinical phenotypes of patients presenting CoQ10-dependent enzymatic deficiency associated with MRC defect
Patient | Tissue | Sex | Age at biopsy | Age of onset | Heredity | Familial history | Neurological symptoms | Muscular symptoms | Other symptoms | Muscle histology | Enzymology | Diagnosis or molecular analyses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients with molecular diagnosis | |||||||||||||
P01a | Fibroblasts | M | D1 | Neonatal | Recessive | Affected brother | Neonatal polyvisceral failure | Not done | Cx IV deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | COQ2: homozygous mutation (c.437G > A; p.Ser146Asn) | |||
P02 | Muscle | M | 54y | 25y | Sporadic | No | Brain MRI: mild atrophy and lacunar strokes | CPEO | T2DM, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia | RRF (5–10 %) and Cox-fibers | Cxes I, II, IV and V deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | Large-scale deletion of mtDNA | |
P03a | Fibroblasts | M | D1 | Neonatal | de novo | No | Hypotonia, epilepsy and diffuse brain lesions | Neonatal polyvisceral failure: respiratory distress, hepatic failure, hypertrophic CMP, lactic acidosis ++ | Not done | Cxes II and III deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | MT-CYB: heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation (m.15635T > C; p.Ser297Pro) | ||
P04a | Fibroblasts | M | 15y | 11y | Recessive | No | Ataxic sensory axonal neuropathy | CPEO | RRF and Cox-fibers (40 %) | Cxes I, II, III and IV deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | SANDO with multiple mtDNA deletions and homozygous mutation in POLG: (c.911T > G; p.Leu304Arg) | ||
P05 | Muscle | F | 54y | 45y | Recessive | No | Ataxic sensory axonal neuropathy | CPEO | Lipid accumulation, RRF and Cox-fibers (20 %) | Cxes I, II, III, IV and V deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | SANDO with multiple mtDNA deletions and compound heterozygous mutations in POLG: (c.752C > T/c.2452G > A; p.Thr251Ile/p.Gly848Ser) | ||
P06a | Fibroblasts | M | D1 | Neonatal | Recessive | No | Encephalopathy and hypotonia | Severe lactic acidosis, methylmalonic aciduria | Not done | Cxes II, III and IV deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | SUCLG1: compound heterozygous mutations c.97 + 3G > C/c.509C > G (p.Pro170Arg) | ||
P07 | Muscle | F | 18y | 4y | Recessive | Blindness in paternal family | Bilateral ptosis, proximal myopathy, dysphonia, dysphagia, exercice intolerance | Retinitis pigmentosa, cyclic vomiting, hyperCPKemia | Lipid accumulation | Cxes I and III deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | MADD with mutations in ETFDH | ||
P08 | Muscle | F | 4 m | 4 m | Recessive | Affected sister | Encephalopathy with refractory migrating partial seizures | Lipid accumulation | Cx I, II, III and IV deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | Malignant migrating partial seizures with compound heterozygous mutations in TBC1D24: (c.468C > A/c.686C > T; p.Cys156X/p.Phe229Ser) | |||
P09 | Fibroblasts | M | D1 | Neonatal | Recessive | No | Hypotonia | Hypertrophic CMP, dysmorphic, hepatic cytolysis, hypospadia | Glycogenic accumulation | Cxes II, III, IV and V deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | CDG syndrome type Iq : homozygous mutation in SRD5A3 : (c.620T > G; p.Met207Arg) | ||
P10a | Fibroblasts | M | 3 m | Neonatal | de novo | No | Hypotonia, epilepsy, dysphagia | Dilated CMP, aortic dilatation | Glycogenic accumulation | Cxes III and IV deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | 1p36 deletion syndrome | ||
Patients with no molecular diagnosis | |||||||||||||
P11 | Muscle | M | 76y | Adult | ? | No | Cerebellar ataxia | 2 RRF and Cox- fibers (20-30 %) | Cx IV deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | Multiple mtDNA deletions | |||
P12a | Fibroblasts | F | 7 m | 6 m | ? | No | Leigh syndrome | Not done | Cx II deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | mtDNA depletion, absence of mtDNA and POLG, SUCLA2, TK2 mutation | |||
P13a | Muscle | F | 41y | Childhood | Recessive | Consanguinity | Spastic tetraparesis, chorea, mental retardation | Myopathy | Glaucoma, cataract, lactic acidosis | RRF ++ | Cx I deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | Absence of mtDNA and POLG, OPA1, OPA3 mutation | |
P14 | Muscle | F | 33y | 6 m | ? | No | Epilepsy, spastic diplegia, dystonia, dyskinesia, tremor | 1 Cox-fiber | Cxes III and V deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | Absence of mtDNA and POLG, TTC19, DYT5 mutation | |||
P15 | Muscle | F | 28 y | Childhood | Recessive | Affected siblings | Encephalopathy, mental retardation | Normal | Cxes II, III and V deficiency; segments I + III and II + III reduction | Absence of mtDNA mutation | |||
P16 | Fibroblasts | M | 9y | Infancy | ? | No | Psychomotor retardation, behavior disorders, dystonia, dyspraxia and basal ganglia involvement at brain MRI (Leigh) | Normal | Cxes II and III deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | Absence of mtDNA mutation | |||
P17 | Fibroblasts | F | D3 | D2 | ? | No | Unexplained severe respiratory failure | Normal | Cxes II, III deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | Absence of mtDNA mutation | |||
P18 | Fibroblasts | M | 2y | D18 | ? | No | Encephalopathy with refractory epilepsy | Microcephaly | Normal | Cxes III and IV deficiency; segments II + III and G3P + III reduction | Absence of mtDNA mutation | ||
Biochemical analysis of patient fibroblasts and muscle biopsies
OXPHOS activities (spectrophotometry) | I | II | III | IV | V | G3P + III | II + III | CS | CoQ10 quantity (LC-MSMS) | CoQ10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fibroblast measurements | ||||||||||
Control values (nmole/min/mg of proteins) | 9.0–27.1 | 21.0–54.0 | 62.0–176.2 | 109.9–350.0 | 22.0–46.2 | 6.5–23.0 | 15.0–37.2 | 74.7–161.1 | Control values (pmole/mg of proteins) | 43.0–120.8 |
P01 | 11.2 | 27.7 | 89.7 | 29.2 | 33.5 | 2.3 | 7.5 | 156.2 | P01 | 1.4 |
P03 | 11.5 | 18.5 | 21.3 | 177.7 | 34.1 | 4.1 | 12.5 | 106.7 | P03 | 65.4 |
P04 | 7.5 | 18.6 | 40.2 | 108.2 | 30.5 | 4.7 | 8.6 | 95.0 | P04 | 9.7 |
P06 | 11.6 | 20.6 | 47.9 | 78.1 | 37.6 | 5.5 | 10.8 | 116.6 | P06 | 5.9 |
P09 | 12.0 | 13.4 | 53.4 | 57.0 | 15.8 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 80.9 | P09 | 62.0 |
P10 | 13.5 | 22.9 | 54.4 | 65.0 | 28.3 | 5.4 | 12.0 | 148.2 | P10 | 55.9 |
P12 | 10.9 | 17.6 | 76.6 | 173.3 | 25.0 | 4.4 | 10.1 | 102.5 | P12 | 62.1 |
P16 | 11.2 | 20.7 | 57.4 | 134.9 | 38.3 | 6.1 | 14.5 | 124.0 | P16 | 5.7 |
P17 | 12.9 | 20.0 | 61.5 | 181.7 | 29.3 | 5.6 | 14.7 | 130.3 | P17 | 58.1 |
P18 | 14.4 | 22.5 | 39.4 | 78.9 | 39.3 | 5.5 | 13.2 | 147.0 | P18 | 58.2 |
Muscle biopsy measurements | ||||||||||
Control values (nmole/min/mg of proteins) | 11.0–32.0 | 22.0–65.0 | 109.0–236.0 | 93.0-347.0 | 40.0–89.0 | 14.0–50.0 | 20.0–50.0 | 82.0–234.0 | Control values (pmole/mg of proteins) | 17.8 –22.2 |
P02 | 6.7 | 21.5 | 130.4 | 56.9 | 32.5 | 7.4 | 10.8 | 113.4 | P02 | 16.0 |
P05 | 5.7 | 21.2 | 28.9 | 59.4 | 12.7 | 10.9 | 15.2 | 122.2 | P05 | 35.5 |
P07 | 4.2 | 28.6 | 108.8 | 170.4 | 50.0 | 10.5 | 16.7 | 272.4 | P07 | 25.9 |
P08 | 10.9 | 14.1 | 102.5 | 92.8 | 63.3 | 10.8 | 17.0 | 116.5 | P08 | 5.7 |
P11 | 25.7 | 29.7 | 157.6 | 80.2 | 45.0 | 13.6 | 19.6 | 109.9 | P11 | 6.2 |
P13 | 7.6 | 28.9 | 112.7 | 212.7 | 58.4 | 9.4 | 13.4 | 192.6 | P13 | 22.4 |
P14 | 15.5 | 26.6 | 31.6 | 154.5 | 32.8 | 13.7 | 13.2 | 100.5 | P14 | 22.2 |
P15 | 16.2 | 20.0 | 92.3 | 191.7 | 39.8 | 11.9 | 17.5 | 86.1 | P15 | 7.1 |
The second group included eight patients suspected of CoQ10 deficiency with an absence of molecular diagnosis. Except for individual P11, who developed cerebellar ataxia during adulthood, all patients had an early-onset disease ranging from neonatal period to childhood. They presented severe neurological symptoms including two Leigh syndromes (P12 and P16) and one child had an unexplained severe respiratory failure at birth (P17). In the second group, all patients presented a CoQ10-dependent enzymatic deficiency associated with MRC defect in muscle or in fibroblasts (Table 2).
Confirmation of CoQ10disease in eight patients by CoQ10 quantification
Quantitative analysis of CoQ10 in muscle or fibroblasts showed that eight patients presented CoQ10 content below normal values (Table 2). CoQ10 defect was found in five patients out of 10 in the first group and in three patients out of eight in the second group. CoQ10-deficient individuals were six males and two females, ranging in age from day 1 to 76 years. The age of onset was highly variable, ranging from neonatal forms to diseases appearing after 25 years of age, although six patients had childhood onset. One patient (P01) presented a polyvisceral failure at birth and all the others had neurological symptoms either isolated or combined with muscular and/or other signs. In the first group, the very low CoQ10 level observed in the fibroblasts of patient P01 confirmed the primary CoQ10 defect associated with the c.437G > A homozygous missense mutation (p.Ser146Asn) in the CoQ2 gene, involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis [18]. In the four other patients in the same group, CoQ10 defect was clearly secondary because the responsible genes were unrelated to CoQ10 biosynthesis. Three patients had a mitochondrial disease linked to a large mtDNA deletion (patient P02) or to mutations in POLG (patient P04) or SUCLG1 (patient P06). Patient P08 alone did not have a mitochondrial disease, her encephalopathy with refractory malignant migrating partial seizures being linked to mutations in the TBC1D24 gene. In the second group, low CoQ10 levels were found in three patients with no molecular diagnosis. Two patients were strongly suspected of having a mitochondrial disease: patient P11, who had a cerebellar ataxia with 20–30 % of COX-negative fibers and multiple mtDNA deletions in muscle, and patient P16 who presented with a Leigh syndrome. The last patient (P15) had an encephalopathy with intellectual disability but no histological sign of mitochondrial myopathy.
Discussion
While primary CoQ10 defects are rare, secondary defects have been observed in various pathologies. In a previous work, we suspected for the first time a secondary CoQ10 defect in a child with propionic acidemia, who succumbed to acute heart failure in the absence of decompensation of his metabolic condition [17]. CoQ10 deficiency was not evoked at the outset because CoQ10-dependent activities deficiency was associated with multiple MRC deficiency in the liver of the patient and it had been widely reported that enzymatic activities of MRC complexes are normal in CoQ10 disease [16]. However, it is likely that a secondary CoQ10 defect was involved in the development of heart complications leading to the child’s death and that oral CoQ10 supplementation would have been able to prevent cardiac failure if results had been obtained before acute clinical aggravation. This hypothesis is supported by a recent study, which describes a successful reversal of propionic acidemia-associated cardiomyopathy after treatment [19]. The child in this case presented with myocardial CoQ10 quantitative defect associated with signs of mitochondrial dysfunction such as enlarged mitochondria with atypical cristae and low MRC complex IV activity [19]. Several studies performed on cellular models of CoQ10 defect suggested a possible association with mitochondrial dysfunction: PDSS2 and COQ9 mutant fibroblasts presented a markedly reduced ATP synthesis and COQ2 mutant fibroblasts presented a partial defect in ATP synthesis, as well as significantly increased ROS production and oxidation of lipids and proteins [20, 21]. In 2013, Duberley and colleagues established the first pharmacologically-induced CoQ10 deficient cellular model in neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells by using para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). They showed that, after PABA treatment, SH-SY5Y cells presented a progressive decrease in the activities of CoQ10-dependent II + III segment but also a deficiency in MRC complexes I and IV. They also reported a concomitant decrease in the level of total cellular ATP with an increase of mitochondrial oxidative stress [22]. Lastly, deficiency of complexes I, II, III and/or IV has also been previously reported in association with CoQ10 defect in the patient’s fibroblasts, muscle or kidney [8, 11, 18, 23].
Today, in most diagnostic laboratories, a spectrophotometric deficiency in one or several MRC enzymes associated with a decrease in CoQ10-dependent activities is not considered to be a sign of a CoQ10 disease, leading to a possible under-estimation of the frequency of this disorder. With the aim of achieving a better diagnostic approach, we quantified CoQ10 by LC-MSMS in 18 patients presenting a CoQ10-dependent enzymatic deficiency associated with a MRC defect by spectrophotometry. CoQ10 quantitative analysis in muscle or in fibroblast cells confirmed CoQ10 disease in eight patients (45 %). These data show that a primary CoQ10 defect can be associated with MRC enzymatic deficiency because patient P01, who carried a deleterious homozygous mutation (c.437G > A; p.Ser146Asn) in the CoQ2 gene, also presented a complex IV deficiency in muscle. Our data also confirm that a secondary CoQ10 defect can be associated with mitochondrial disease. Indeed, three other patients with a low CoQ10 level presented a respiratory chain deficiency linked to mtDNA deletion (patient P02) or to mutations in POLG and SUCLG1 genes (patients P04 and P06). Secondary CoQ10 defect has already been reported in patients with mitochondrial diseases or dysfunctions including Kearns–Sayre syndrome [24], mtDNA depletion and PEO [5] or mutations in ETFDH coding for electrontransferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase and causing MADD [8, 9]. Secondary CoQ10 defect has also been described in non-mitochondrial disorders linked to genes such as APTX coding for aprataxin and causing ataxia occulomotor-apraxia [7], BRAF coding for serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf and causing cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome [10], ACADVL causing very long-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency or NPC causing Niemann-Pick-type C disease [11]. Here, we report for the first time a secondary CoQ10 defect associated with mutations in the TBC1D24 gene, leading to malignant migrating partial seizures (Patient P08). The mechanisms linking CoQ10 defect and decreased activity of MRC complexes are unknown. Studies in patients with metabolic diseases showed an increase in oxidative stress-markers and a decrease in antioxidant defences [25]. More specifically, ubiquinol depletion in patient tissues may lead to increased reactive oxygen species activity [26] and, since all enzymes of the MRC are susceptible to free radical induced oxidative damage [27], we can hypothesize that CoQ10-independent MRC dysfunction may result from a high level of mitochondrial oxidative stress creating an imbalance with the CoQ10 antioxidant capacity, as previously evoked [25]. In parallel, a possible reason for a secondary CoQ10 defect resulting from a primary MRC deficiency is that the enzymes involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis are found in a supercomplex in the inner mitochondrial membrane [28]. We hypothesize that the increased oxidative stress resulting from a primary MRC deficiency may inhibit these enzymes resulting in a secondary CoQ10 defect.
Conclusions
In conclusion, our work highlights the probability that, based on spectrophotometric analysis, the frequency of CoQ10 disease is underestimated in routine clinical practice. Several studies, which performed a systematic CoQ10 quantification on muscle biopsies from pediatric and adult populations presenting a wide range of clinical phenotypes, also reported an underestimation of CoQ10 defects and proposed a systematic evaluation of CoQ10 content in all muscle biopsies [5, 29, 30]. However, first-line CoQ10 quantification seems difficult to set up as a routine analysis in all diagnosis laboratories. Based on our observations, we suggest that CoQ10 quantification be performed in all tissues presenting a spectrophotometric deficiency of CoQ10-dependent enzymes, associated or not with MRC defect, regardless of the patient’s age, clinical presentation or molecular diagnosis. This could prove of great value in clinical practice for the diagnosis of a disease that can be improved by CoQ10 supplementation.
Methods
Patients
All patients were explored in the Reference Centre for Mitochondrial Disease (CHU of Nice, France). Selection of the 18 patients was based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) availability of a muscle sample or fibroblast culture and (2) spectrophotometric deficiency of CoQ10-dependent activities (reduction of segments I + III or G3P + III and II + III) associated with MRC defect in muscle or in fibroblasts. The following data were systematically collected: sex, age at biopsy, age of onset, heredity, familial history, clinical presentation, brain MRI, metabolic screening, mitochondrial enzymatic studies, histological and molecular analyses. The age of onset of clinical symptoms ranged from neonatal period to 45 years of age. Blood and tissue samples were obtained after adult patients and parents of affected children had given informed consent.
Patients were divided into two groups (Table 1), according to the results of molecular analysis: (1) individuals with a molecular diagnosis, carrying mutations in mtDNA or in nuclear genes and, (2) individuals with no molecular diagnosis.
Cell culture
Primary fibroblast cultures were obtained from patient skin punches, using standard procedures, in RPMI medium supplemented with 10 % Fetal Bovine Serum, 45 μg/ml uridine and 275 μg/ml sodium pyruvate. Cultures were incubated at 37 ℃ with 5 % CO2.
OXPHOS spectrophotometric measurements
Enzymatic spectrophotometric measurements of the OXPHOS respiratory chain complexes and citrate synthase were performed at 37 ℃ on muscle crude homogenates or fibroblasts according to standard procedures [31]. Proteins were measured according to Bradford microassay [32] and results were expressed as nmole/min/mg of proteins.
Coenzyme Q10 quantification
Total coenzyme Q10 was extracted from tissues and analyzed by reverse phase liquid chromatography separation (column C18 symmetry 150 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm, Waters, France) as previously described [33]. Detection and quantification were done by mass spectrometry using an API 3000 tandem mass spectrometer (ABSciex, France) equipped with an APCI source. CoQ10 and CoQ9 were analyzed in the positive mode using the following m/z 864 → 197 and 796 → 197 transitions. CoQ9 was used as internal standard for quantification. External calibration was performed using CoQ10 solutions. A stock solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of CoQ10 in 4 ml of methanol/chloroform (98:2 v/v). This solution was stable for 3 months at −80 °C. The working solutions were prepared daily by diluting the stock solution into methanol to provide a range of 0.05–1 µmol/L. The intra-assay and inter-assay CV’s were, respectively, 5.7 and 6.3 % for a CoQ10 concentration of 0.25 µmol/L.
Declarations
Author’s contributions
Study conception and design: KF, AC, VP-F. LC-MSMS experiments: JFB. Molecular analysis: SA, SB, CR. Biochemical explorations: KF, CC. Data collection and analysis: KF, AC, JFB, SA, SB, CR, VP-F. Manuscript drafting: KF, AC, VP-F. Study supervision: VP-F. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Véronique Paquis-Flucklinger received support from the CHU of Nice. We thank George Morgan for careful reading of the manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
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