Fig. 4

Pie charts indicating antibiotic resistance genes (cold colors) and metal(loid)s (warm colors) analyzed by qPCR of DNA obtained from stool samples. A mefE1, arr2, catB4, strB, dhfr1, floR, tetA, ermB, acrB, qnrB1, cadA3k, arsC, arsA, cadA2k, and pbrA genes were detected in healthy controls. B strB, dhfr1, floR, acrB, arr2, cadA3k, cadA2k, and arsC genes were detected in subjects with stage 3 CKD. C acrB, arr2, qnrB1, strB, dhfr1, floR, ermB, tetA, cadA2k, cadA3k, arsC, and pbrA genes were detected in subjects with stage 4 CKD. D qnrB1, floR, dhfr1, merA, and cadA2k genes were detected in subjects with stage 5 CKD. The graph represents the total appearance of resistance genes in 4 patient samples analyzed by group. The total identified appearances were 96 hits for healthy subjects, 14 hits for stage 3 CKD, 23 hits for stage 4 CKD and 5 hits for stage 5 CKD. CKD groups were compared with healthy controls using Two-Way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons (two-tailed) P < 0.0001 (****)