Table 5 Starch-degrading enzymes from archaea
From: Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments
Enzyme | Organism | Type of enzyme | Enzyme properties | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optimal temperature (°C) | Optimal pH | Thermostability | ||||
α-Amylase | Pyrococcus sp. ST04 | Recombinant | 90–95 | 5.0 | 254 min, 75 °C | [42] |
Pyrococcus woesei DSM 3773 | Recombinant | 95 | 5.6 | 3.5 h, 110 °C | [41] | |
Thermococcus sp. | Native | 95 | 5.0 | 5 h, 90 °C | [43] | |
Thermococcus hydrothermalis | Recombinant | 75–85 | 5.0–5.5 | Not reported | [45] | |
Methanococcus jannaschii | Recombinant | 120 | 5.0–8.0 | 50 h, 100 °C | [47] | |
Halorubrum xinjiangense | Native | 70 | 8.5 | 2 h, 70 °C | [52] | |
Haloferax mediterranei | Native | 50–60 | 7.0–8.0 | 10 h, 50 °C | [53] | |
β-Amylase | Pyrococcus furiosus | Native | 110 | Not reported | Not reported | [55] |
Glucoamylase | Picrophilus torridus | Recombinant | 50 | 5.0 | 8 h, 55 °C | [57] |
Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 | Recombinant | 90 | 5.5–6.0 | Not reported | [58] | |
Thermoplasma acidophilum DSM 1728 | Recombinant | 75 | 5.0 | 15 min, 80 °C | [59] | |
α-Glucosidase | Pyrococcus furiosus | Native | 105–115 | 5.0–6.0 | 48 h, 98 °C | [62] |
Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7 | Recombinant | 95 | 4.0 | 40.1 min, 100 °C | [65] | |
Picrophilus torridus | Recombinant | 87 | 5.0 | 120 min, 80 °C | [66] | |
Ferroplasma acidiphilum strain Y | Recombinant | 50 | 2.4–3.5 | 190 min, 50 °C | [67] | |
Pullulanase type II | Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 | Recombinant | 100 | 5.5–6.0 | ~ 2 h, 100 °C | [70] |
Thermococcus siculi | Recombinant | 95 | 6.0 | 1 h, 100 °C | [72] | |
Desulfurococcus mucosus | Recombinant | 85 | 5.0 | 50 min, 85 °C | [73] | |
Staphylothermus marinus | Recombinant | 105 | 5.0 | 50 min, 100 °C | [75] | |
Halorubrum sp. Strain Ha25 | Native | 50 | 7.5 | 212 min, 50 °C | [76] | |
Pullulan hydrolase type III | Thermococcus kodakarensis | Recombinant | 95–100 | 3.5–4.2 | 45 min, 100 °C | [77] |
Thermococcus aggregans DSM 10597 | Recombinant | 95 | 6.5 | 2.5 h, 100 °C | [78] | |
Isoamylase | Sulfolobus solfataricus ATCC 35092 | Recombinant | 75 | 5.5 | Not reported | [80] |
Amylomaltase | Pyrobaculum aerophilum IM2 | Recombinant | 95 | 6.7 | 107 min, 95 °C | [87] |
CGTase | Pyrococcus furiosus DSM3638 | Recombinant | 95 | 5.0 | 46 min, 95 °C | [88] |
Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 | Recombinant | 80 | 5.5–6.0 | 20 min, 100 °C | [85] | |
Haloferax mediterranei | Recombinant | 55 | 7.5 | ~ 1 h, 50 °C (3 M NaCl) | [91] | |
Branching-enzyme | Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 | Recombinant | 70 | 7.0 | > 120 min, 90 °C | [92] |