Fig. 5

Hyperammonemia increases the content of TNFα in Purkinje neurons, granular neurons, microglia and astrocytes in cerebellum. Ex vivo treatment with anti-IL-17 reverses the increase of TNFα in Purkinje neurons (A, E) and granular neurons (D, H) as analyzed by immunohistochemistry with DAB staining using antibodies against TNFα. Double fluorescence staining was performed using anti-TNFα and anti-IBA1 (B, F) or GFAP (C, G). Representative images of the immunohistochemistry and double fluorescence staining are shown (A–D). Values are mean ± SEM of 4–6 rats per group. One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD post-hoc test was performed to compare all groups. Values are the mean ± SEM. Values significantly different from control rats are indicated by asterisk (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001) and values significantly different from HA group are indicated by a (a = p < 0.05, aaaa = p < 0.0001). Yellow arrows mean colocalization of the two proteins