Fig. 1

GLS1 expression was increased in TGF-β1-treated ESCs. ESCs were treated with or without 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 48 h. A–D Analysis of RNA sequencing data. n = 4 in each group. A Bar plot of GO analysis of the up-regulated differentially expressed genes in terms of biological process. B Bar plot of KEGG pathway classification of the up-regulated differentially expressed genes in terms of metabolism category. C Heat map of metabolism-related genes. D Schematic diagrams of glutaminolysis and the changes in mRNA abundance of genes in the indicated glutaminolysis pathways. E mRNA level of fibrotic markers (α-SMA, Collagen I) and GLS1 in ESCs after TGF-β1 treatment by quantitative PCR analysis for the validation of mRNA sequencing. n = 8 in each group. F protein levels of α-SMA, Collagen I and GLS1 in TGF-β1-treated ESCs by Western Blot analysis. G Representative immunocytochemistry of α-SMA, GLS1 and DAPI staining in ESCs after TGF-β1 treatment. Scale Bars = 100 μm. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t-test. ***p < 0.001. ****p < 0.0001