Table 3 Summary of the role of Gal-1 in the promotion of EMT in cancer

Gal-1

CAFs derived from gastric cancer patients, gastric cancer cell lines (MGC-803)

CAF secreted, overexpression and knockdown in CAFs

E-cadherin

Vimentin

β1-integrin activation

[158]

Gastric cancer cell line (MGC-803)

Overexpression, knockdown

N. D

[147]

Gastric cancer cell lines (MGC-803 and SGC-7901)

Overexpression, knockdown, CAF secreted

TGF-β/ Smad

[155]

Overexpression

S1PR1

[159]

Gastric cancer cell lines

(MGC-803 and MKN-74)

Overexpression, knockdown, exogenously added, blockade with lactose

Gli-1

[157]

Ovarian cancer cell lines

(SK-OV-3 and SK-OV-3-ip)

Overexpression, knockdown

E-cadherin

N-cadherin, vimentin, MMP-7, fibronectin, Snail, Slug

MAPK JNK/p38

[146]

Ovarian cancer cell line

(SK-OV-3)

Secretion stimulation with LPS, knockdown

E-cadherin

MMP-2, MMP-9, N-cadherin, vimentin, α-SMA, Snail, Slug

TLR4 activation/ PI3K/AKT

[166]

Colorectal cancer cell lines

(HCT116, HCT8 and HT29)

Secretion stimulation with LPS, exogenously added, knockdown

E-cadherin

Snail, vimentin, α-SMA, ZEB1, N-cadherin, MMP-2, MMP-9

TLR4/ERK

[167]

Colorectal cancer cell line (KM12C), fibroblasts cell lines (MRC-5 and WS1)

Knockdown, CAFs secreted, exogenously added

E-cadherin,

Twist1, Slug

𝛽-catenin

[171]

HCC cell lines

(Huh7, Hep3B, HCCLM3 and MHCC97H)

Overexpression, knockdown

E-cadherin

N-cadherin, vimentin

α5β3-integrin FAK/ PI3K/AKT

[127]

HCC cell line (HepG2)

Overexpression, knockdown

E-cadherin, ZO-1

Vimentin, Snail

PI3K/AKT/ 𝛽-catenin

[148]

Upper urothelial carcinoma cell lines

(BFTC-909, T24 and J 82)

Exogenously added, knockdown

E-cadherin, ZO-1

Snail, vimentin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, MMP-2, MMP-9

FAK/PI3K/AKT

[168]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines

(PanC-1)

Overexpression, knockdown, secreted from stromal pancreatic stellate cells

E-cadherin

Vimentin, Twist, MMP-9

NF-κB

[170]