Fig. 1

Measurement of pro- and anti‐inflammatory cytokine levels at 6 h, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days postsurgery. A-E Proinflammatory cytokines released by microglia (IL‐1β, IL-6, INOS, CD32 and CD86). F-H Anti-inflammatory cytokines released by microglia (anti‐inflammatory cytokines TGF-β, IL‐10 and CD206). I Double immunofluorescence staining was applied to examine the expression of CD86 (in green) and Iba1 (in red) in the ischemic penumbra of the cortex at different time points. J Double immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the expression of CD206 (in green) and Iba1 (in red) at different time points. Scale bar = 50 μm. The data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 5 per group). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with the sham group