Fig. 4

The effects of polar microalgae extracts on the viability, permeability, and expression of inflammatory markers in HaCaT cells treated with M5 cytokines. (a) Viability of HaCaT cells that were pretreated overnight with the polar microalgae extracts followed by treatment with M5 cytokines for 18 h. (b) Fluorescence of 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran fluxed from the apical to the basal compartment of transwell chambers seeded with HaCaT cells treated with M5 cytokines for 18 h after overnight incubation with the polar microalgae extracts. (c) mRNA expression of IL1B, IL17A, IL23, and CXCL1 in HaCaT cells treated with M5 cytokines after overnight incubation with the polar microalgae extracts. In the control group, the HaCaT cells were cultured without overnight pretreatment with polar microalgae extracts followed by 18 h of M5 cytokine stimulation. Data are representative of two independent experiments and presented as the mean ± SD. p-values are determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001