Fig. 3

Effect of optogenetic modulation of LHb on MS inhibition of cocaine-induced USVs and locomotion. A–D Effect of optogenetic silencing of LHb on MS inhibition of cocaine-induced USVs and locomotion. Experimental schedule (A) and schematic for optogenetic inhibition of LHb in rat (B). Effect of optogenetic silencing of LHb on MS inhibition of cocaine-induced 50 kHz USVs in rats (C). *P < 0.001, Control versus MS + NpHR (OFF); ^#P < 0.001, MS + NpHR (ON) versus MS + NpHR (OFF). Effect of optogenetic silencing of LHb on cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats (D). *P < 0.001, Control versus MS + NpHR (OFF); ^#P < 0.001, MS + NpHR (ON) versus MS + NpHR (OFF). Control (ON, n = 6), switch on yellow light in control virus-injected rats; MS + NpHR (ON, n = 6), switch on of yellow light during MS in NpHR-injected rats; MS + NpHR (OFF, n = 6), switch off of yellow light during MS in NpHR-injected rats. LHb, lateral habenula; MS, mechanical stimulation of ulnar nerve. E–H Effect of optogenetic activation of LHb on cocaine-induced USVs and locomotion. Experimental schedule (E) and schematic for optogenetic activation of LHb in rat (F). Effect of optogenetic activation of LHb on cocaine-induced 50 kHz USVs in rats (G). *P < 0.001, Control versus ChR (ON); ^#P < 0.001, ChR (ON) versus ChR (OFF). Effect of optogenetic activation of LHb on cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats (H). *P < 0.001, Control versus ChR (ON); ^#P < 0.001, ChR (ON) versus ChR (OFF). Con (ON, n = 6), switch on the green light in control virus-injected rats; ChR (OFF, n = 6), switch off of green light in ChR-injected rat; ChR (ON, n = 6), switch on of green light in ChR-injected rats