Table 3 GMO regulatory frameworks around the word
Region | Regulatory framework | Main regulatory focus* | Additional information** |
|---|---|---|---|
Americas | |||
 Argentina | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Bolivia | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Brazil | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Canada | Permissive | Product | Unique term of plant with novel traits (PNT). "Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA" |
 Chile | Hybrid | Product | Allowed only for seed export and research |
 Colombia | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Costa Rica | Permissive | Product | NA |
 Ecuador | Prohibitive | Process | Allowed only for research purposes |
 Honduras | Permissive | Product | NA |
 Mexico | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Paraguay | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Peru | Prohibitive | Process | Allowed only for research purposes |
 Uruguay | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 USA | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Venezuela | Prohibitive | Process | Total moratorium |
Europe | |||
 European Union | Restrictive | Process | Only cultivated in Spain and Portugal |
Africa | |||
 Burkina Faso | Permissive | Process | No current commercial production |
 Egypt | Prohibitive | Process | Allowed only for research purposes |
 Eswatini | Permissive | Process | NA |
 Ethiopia | Permissive | Product | NA |
 Ghana | Prohibitive | Process | Allowed only for research purposes |
 Kenya | Permissive | Product | NA |
 Malawi | Permissive | Product | NA |
 Nigeria | Permissive | Product | NA |
 South Africa | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Sudan | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Uganda | Prohibitive | Process | Allowed only for research purposes |
Asia and Oceania | |||
 Australia | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Bangladesh | Permissive | Product | NA |
 China | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 India | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Indonesia | Permissive | Product | NA |
 Japan | Hybrid | Product | Allowed only for ornamental plants and research |
 Myanmar | Hybrid | Process | Allowed only for non-food crops. Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 New Zealand | Restrictive | Process | Several socio-cultural restrictions |
 Pakistan | Permissive | Process | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Philippines | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |
 Vietnam | Permissive | Product | Declared "Biotech mega-country" by ISAAA |