Fig. 2

Susceptibility to antibiotics in bacteria isolated from stool samples of healthy patients and those with stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Inhibitory zones of bacteria isolated from stool samples were plated on YCFAm agar using the Kirby Bauer method [24]. Paper disks containing gentamicin (10 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), cefazolin (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), and gentamicin (120 µg) were placed on previously seeded bacteria on agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Growth inhibition zones were measured and compared with the standardized diameter described by CLSI [25]. ½ MIC of arsenic and lead of E. coli was used to evaluate the effect of metal(loid)s on antibiotic resistance, n = 12. A healthy subjects, B CKD Stage 3 subjects