Table 1 The adaptive mechanisms of silicon in crop plants against biotic stress

Anthracnose

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Cuticle thickness and fruit firmness enhanced

[107]

Bacterial speck, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium crown and root rot

 ,,

Upgraded physiological, biochemical and molecular traits

[98, 106, 108, 109]

Early blight

 ,,

Improve biochemical and molecular aspects

[72]

Rice leaf folder

Rice (Oryza sativa)

Food/grain quality and conversion efficiencies decreased

[110]

Brown plant hopper

 ,,

Extraction of honeydew reduced

[111]

Fall armyworm

 ,,

Damage feeding preference as well as S. frugiperda larval survival

[112]

Sugarcane borer

 ,,

Feeding injury decreased and upregulated exposure to unfavorable climatic variables and natural enemies arising from decreased boring success

[113]

Blast, Brown spot, Grain discoloration, Leaf scald and Sheath blight

 ,,

Enhanced physical, biochemical and molecular activities

[41, 51, 67, 83, 114,115,116,117,118,119,120]

Diatraeasaccharalis

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)

Upgrade/maintain leaf cuticle thickening and leaf stomata crystals

[121]

Stalk borer

 ,,

Decreased % stalks and length bored

[122]

Brown rust

 ,,

Physical and biochemical

[123]

Euschistusheros

Soybean (Glycine max)

Upregulated non-preference and antibiosis resistances

[124]

Powdery mildew

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)

Physio-biochemical activities increased and/or balanced

[58, 75, 125]

Black sigatoka

Fusarium wilt

Root rot

Xanthomonas wilt

Banana (Musa spp.)

 ,,

[126,127,128,129]

Powdery mildew

Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Improve physiological performance

[130]

Angular leaf spot

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

 ,,

[131]

Powdery mildew

Black gram (Vigna mungo)

Enhanced expression of genes

[132]

Dollar spot

Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)

Improve physiological and biochemical characteristics

[90, 133]

Powdery mildew

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)

Enhanced biochemical activities

[134]

Anthracnose

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum)

Improve physiological and biochemical characteristics

[135]

Fruit decay

Cherry (Prunus avium)

Improve biochemical parameters

[136]

Fusarium root rot and Postharvest pink rot

Chinese cantaloupe

Improve physiological and biochemical characteristics

[137, 138]

Leaf rust and Root-knot Nematode

Coffee (Coffea arabica)

 ,,

[139, 140]

Anthracnose

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Improve biochemical traits

[141, 142]

Fusarium wilt

Cotton (Gossypium spp.)

Improve physiological and biochemical characteristics

[143]

Crown and root rot, Fusarium wilt and Powdery mildew

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

 ,,

[37, 144,145,146,147,148]

Decay

Hami melons (Cucumis melo)

Improve biochemical activities

[149]

Downy mildew

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Enhance physiological and biochemical activities

[150]

Bacterial fruit blotch and Powdery mildew

Melon (Cucumis melo)

Improve biochemical capacity

[151, 152]

Pink rot disease and Powdery mildew

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo)

Enhance physiological and biochemical activities

[146, 153]

Basal stem rot

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)

Balance physical characteristics

[154]

Brown spot

Pea (Pisum sativum)

Balance biochemical activities

[155]

Downy mildew

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

Enhance physiological and biochemical activities

[156]

Fusarium patch and Gray leaf spot

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

 ,,

[49, 157]

Dry rot

Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

 ,,

[137]

Powdery mildew

Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.)

 ,,

[158]

Blast, leaf blast, leaf streak, powdery mildew and spot blotch

Wheat (Triticum spp.)

 ,,

[76, 159,160,161,162]