Fig. 3

Effect of G. tinctoria extract on apoptotic-like cell death induced by high d-glucose and hydrogen peroxide. Representative images of light microscopy of HUVECs (×40) incubated (24 h) in M199, in absence (control) (a–d) or presence of 200 μg/L of G. tinctoria extract (G. tinctoria) (e–g). Cells were co-incubated in presence of 25 mM d-glucose (HG) (b, f), 100 µM H₂O₂ (c, g) or extract, vehicle (DMSO) (d). Black arrows in B indicate examples of apoptotic-like HUVECs. Apoptotic-like HUVECs were quantified in images from different fields (three experiments in duplicate) and result was expressed as rate of apoptotic-like cells in total cells in each field (h). Values are mean ± SEM, n = 3. **p < 0.01 versus control or vehicle; ***p < 0.005 versus control or vehicle; ^Фp < 0.05 versus high d-glucose; ^γp < 0.05 versus H₂O₂