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Table 1 Regulation mechanisms of β-catenin phosphorylation

From: β-Catenin: oncogenic role and therapeutic target in cervical cancer

Subcellular localization

Regulators

Sites

Function

Reference(s)

Membrane

Fer, Fyn, c-Met

Y142

Diminishes α-catenin binding

[38]

c-Src,cMet, EGFR

Y654

Dissociates the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex

[44]

Ab1

Y489

Dissociates the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex

[45]

c-Src

Y86

Promotes the separation of Y654 and E-cadherins

[37]

PKD1

T120

Transports β-catenin to the Golgi apparatus

[46]

PT1B

Y654

Removes the phosphate group from the phosphorylated Y654 site

[47]

Cytoplasm

CK1

S45

Embarks β-catenin for β-Trcp recognition

[48]

 

GSK3β

S33, S37, T41

Embarks β-catenin for β-Trcp recognition

[48]

Nucleus

Fer,Fyn,Yes,and Src

T142

Promotes β-catenin binding to the nuclear transporter Bcl9

[38]

 

AKT and PKA

S552, S675

Strengthens β-catenin/TCF reporter activation

[42, 43]

 

PKAL

S663

Regulates its transcriptional activity and induces target gene expression

[49]

 

CK1

S45

Sox9 transfers the destruction complex “GSK3β-βTRCP-CK1-Axin” into the nucleus and diminishes nuclear β-catenin

[110]

 

GSK3β

S33, S37, T41

Sox9 transfers the destruction complex “GSK3β-βTRCP-CK1-Axin” into the nucleus and diminishes nuclear β-catenin

[110]