Fig. 1

Electrical model and cassettes used for impedance measurement. a Electrical model representing two electrodes submerged in a microorganism suspension enclosed in a thin capillary channel. b 3D printed long and narrow microfluidic channels with two gold electrode inserted for impedance measurement (inset) and schematic showing electrical lines of forces between two electrodes in the channel [24]. c Modified electrical model which uses CPE instead of ideal capacitors to detect the presence of microorganisms in a suspension