Fig. 1

Prenatal stress produces long-term persistence of spatial memory and decreases learning retention in a passive avoidance test. a Control and PNS mice were trained for 4 days to locate the escape in the Barnes maze test. Latency to find the escape was assessed 1 (recent memory) and 10 days (remote memory) after training. Right panel example of tracking plots for 2 mice (Control and PNS) in the Barnes maze during recent and remote memory testing. Left panel bar chart showing the latency to escape for both groups of mice in the two memory conditions (*P < 0.05; Bonferroni post hoc after 2-way ANOVA). b In the passive avoidance learning-retention test, latency time to enter the dark chamber of the shuttle box was measured, where a mild foot shock was delivered on day 2. There were significant differences (Bonferroni post hoc after 2-way ANOVA) in the latency time between control and PNS rats on days four and five post-shock. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Adapted from [55, 125]