Fig. 1

Effect of the TPF on osteoclast formation in vitro. Cells were cultured with RANKL (30 ng/ml) and M-CSF (30 ng/ml) for 7 days in the presence of 0, 50 or 100 μg/ml of the TPF. Osteoclasts were identified via tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). a TRAP⁺ cells are shown in red and the magnification in a represent ×10, b TRAP⁺ multinucleated cells characterized by more than three nuclei were counted, c osteoclast number/well (N.Oc/well), d osteoclast surface/well (Oc.S/well). The data were expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 4) for each group. *p < 0.05