Figure 1
From: Effects of crowding and sex on fecal cortisol levels of captive forest musk deer
Fecal cortisol levels, standard errors of female (n = 20) and male (n = 12) musk deer in different crowding conditions. Females had significantly higher cortisol levels in lower crowding condition than in higher crowding condition (P < 0.05), but males had similar cortisol levels (P > 0.05). Cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in males than in females at both crowding conditions (P < 0.05).